![]() The brooding habit probably evolved in response to energetic constraints in life-history properties, including a reduction in exposure of offspring to predation and other hazards of life in the plankton. ![]() (2016) also make the interesting suggestion that the situation in Ostrea lurida is an example of an exaptation ( Chapter 2). The slow metabolic (and growth) rate of the Olympia oyster during brooding endows this species with a degree of independence from moderate acidification (“…lessening the energetic burden of acidification”), whereas the Pacific oyster, with faster metabolic and growth rates are more sensitive. The authors interpret this species difference as due to their different metabolic rates (represented by rates of lipid consumption from endogenous stores). gigas growth from 120 to 150 μm shell length was significantly reduced as Ω aragonite declined from ~ 2 to 1. Ostrea lurida showed no response to decreasing Ω aragonite over a range from 6.6 to ~ 0.4, whereas in C. lurida averaged 0.74 nmol Ca mm − 2 h − 1 compared with 5.47 nmol Ca mm − 2 h − 1 in the larvae of C. Calcification rates to produce the first larval shell in O. This allowed a comparison of the influence on pH tolerance of different rates of early larval development from fertilization to the first feeding stage Crassostrea gigas larvae begin to feed within 2–3 days, O. (2016) report on experiments with the native species, the Olympia oyster Ostrea lurida, which broods its larvae. In a more recent publication Waldbusser, Hales, et al. The Pacific oyster used in Barton et al.’s study is, of course, an introduced species in the US, and it is a broadcast spawner. Bayne, in Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 2017 This particular host is therefore one in which further research on parasite loads is sorely needed across its global populations, especially considering its commercial value and potential for spreading diseases globally.ī.L. These cosmopolitan movements could be yet another reason why bivalves like Crassostrea gigas have much lower parasite escape than other host taxa since parasites could be being moved from not only native sources but also secondary sources, where the host may accumulate local parasites. (2012) note the recent appearance of the virulent OsHV-1 herpes virus in populations of Crassostrea gigas in New Zealand and Australia following a massive spread of the virus throughout oyster culture areas of Europe. Crassostrea gigas translocations have originated not only from native populations in Asia but also from secondary sources like Canada, and as a result, micro- and macroparasites accumulated in secondary sources like North America could be transported to other global populations. Moreover, though our investigation focused on metazoan parasites, Crassostrea gigas translocation has also resulted in the movement of a few virulent diseases, including the haplosporidian parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni (likely introduced with spat and adult oysters from Japan and British Columbia Peeler et al., 2011) the oyster herpes virus (OsHV-1) ( Garcia et al., 2011) a recently detected fungus, Ostracoblabe implexa ( Thieltges et al., 2012) and a gram-negative bacteria, Vibrio spp. As such, there is still much to be understood regarding parasite movements as a result of intentional introductions of Crassostrea gigas. Dinamami, 1987 Mann et al, 1991 Thieltges et al., 2012), but there are numerous other populations in which the oyster has been translocated ( Ruesink et al., 2005) where parasite richness is presently unknown. Similar to Carcinus maenas, the global movement of Crassostrea gigas and associated parasites has been documented in a few populations including western Europe, the Pacific Northwest, and New Zealand (e.g. Keogh, in Advances in Marine Biology, 2013 4.7.2 Crassotrea gigas: An intentionally introduced host to numerous locations worldwideĬrassostrea gigas, the Pacific oyster, is an interesting case because it not only hosts hitchhiking parasites but also serves as an introduction vector for the movement of free-living hitchhikers ( Ruesink et al., 2005).
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